The Chronology of IVF and ART

The Chronology of Reproduction, IVF and ART
Date	Event	Comment	Reference
1566	Fallopian Tubes Described.	Gabrielis Fallopius, under Andreas Vesalius, describes the fallopian tubes as extending from the uterus to the ovaries and appearing like a trumpet.	93
1651	First suggestion all organism come from an egg	Harvey book promotes the concept that all organism are derieved from an egg	50
1671	The uterus and ovaries are described	Swammerdam submits to the Royal Society illustrations of the uterus and ovary	50
1672	de Graaf Defines the Fallopian tubes	Reinier de Graaf defines the function of the Fallopian tubes correctly as carrrying the products of the ovary to the uterus.	93
1677	Spermatozoa are first seen	Leeuwenhoek wrote to the Royal Society describing spermatozoa	50
1768	Theory of spontaneous generation is disproved.	1768 Italian physiologist Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrates that the theory of spontaneous generation is incorrect by showing that micro-organisms do not appear in meat broth sealed inside tightly closed jars that have been boiled for 30 minutes.	92
1770	Spallanzini decribes early frog IVF	Spallanzini (1729-1799) decribes that frog oocytes only develop into tadpoles after contact with semen.	88
1770	Filtration removes frog sperm fertility	Spallanzani reported that filtration of semen, heat and mixing with spirts, vinegar and salts remove the fertilising ability of frog semen	50
1779	The role of semen in fertilisation described.	1779 Lazzaro Spallanzani describes the role of semen in fertilisation, and shows that sperm have to make physical contact with the egg for fertilisation to take place.	92
1800	Spermatozoa identified in the testis	Work by Jean-Luis Prevost & Jean-baptists Dumas spermatozoa in the early 1800`swere found in the testis of many animal species and that spermatozoa must be produced in the testis.	88
1827	Spermatozoa first mentioned.	The term spermatozoa was first used by von Baer	88
1827	The human egg is first described	Von Baer described the human egg for the first time	50
1834	The movement of the ovum is described,	Gabriel Gustav Valentin (born of German and Swiss parents in Poland) and Jan Purkinje (from Czechoslovakia) discover that the ovum is moved through the oviduct by cilia.	92
1835	Owen describes sperm as parasites	Richard Owens reflected the common views at the time that spermatozoa were merely parasites.	88
1841	von Kolliker describes sperm as cells	Swiss Albert von Kolliker describes spermatozoa as motile autologous cells that develop from testicular cells by histogenesis (from Clarke)	88
1850	Spallanzani`s experiments confirmed	Prevost & Dumas confirm Spallanzini`s filtration experiments confirming filtration removed spermatozoa from semen.	88
1850	Motile sperm required for fertilisation	In the mid 1800s, Prevost & Dumas demonstrate motile spermatozoa required for fertilisation of frog oocytes.	88
1852	Fertilsiation observed in Ascaris	Henry Nelson reports observing the entry of a single motile spermatozoon into the transparent ovule - `the first in which the act of the penetration of the speramtozoa into the ovum has been seen and clearly established	88
1853	Fertilisation observed in amphibians	George Nelson reports seeing fertilsation in amphibians.	88
1857	Gregor Mendel studies on heredity.	Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, begins investigating variation, heredity and evolution in plants in his monastery garden.	92
1866	Mendel publishes his work on heredity.	Mendel publishes his work on heredity. It contains detailed descriptions of huge numbers of experiments which he subjects to statistical analysis. Despite its rigorous approach, Mendel`s work is ignored for the next 34 years.	92
1871	Charles Darwin publishes The Descent of Man	Charles Darwin publishes his book The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex in which he looks at evidence for the evolution of humans and sexual selection.	92
1875	Fertilisation seen in mammals	Edouard van Bebeden (1875) and Oscar Hertwig (1876) report observing fertilisation in mammals.	88
1879	Fertilisation and pronucleus seen in starfish	Ernst Haeckel reports seeing the penetration and fertilisation leading to pronucleus formation in the starfish	88
1879	Chromosome reduction proposed in Ascaris	van Benden describes the reduction in chromosome number in the gametes of Ascaris.	88
1883	Chromosomes inheritance proposed.	van Benden proposes chromosomes muts play a part in the physical vechile of inheritance	88
1884	Egg described as a cell.	It is shown for the first time that the egg is a cell, and that all cells in an organism came from divisions of the original egg cell.	92
1909	First suggestion on the role of the pituitary	Work by Crow, Cushing and Homans first suggested a role of the pituitary in the regualtion of the gonads.	94
1909	The term `gene` uses for the first time.	The terms "gene", "genotype" and "phenotype" are used for the first time	92
1927	Early work on the role of the pituitary	Zondeck and Ascheim suggets that implantation of the pituitary evoked rapid development of sexual puberty in immature animals	94
1929	FSH, LH and hCG defined	Smith et.al involved in the discovery of FSH and LH, later hCG and PMSG	94
1930	The maturation of human oocytes described	Gregory Pincus describes the maturation of rabbit and then human oocytes in vitro	89
1949	Cryopreservation of spermatozoa	Chris Polge describes the vitrification and cryorecovery of ram spermatozoa using glycerol as the cryoprotectant.	88
1952	Mitochondia involved in respiration.	1952 James Bonner shows that mitochondria are involved in the reactions of cellular respiration.	92
1952	hMG defined.	Borth and Lunenfeld identify in the human urine a hormone with biologically active hormone capable of inducing spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized peripubertal rats - called humand menopausal gonadotrophin hMG	94
1953	First births from frozen human spermatozoa	Bunge and Sherman report the first human births reulsting from cryoperserved spermatozoa.	88
1954	First in vitro fertilisation in the rabbit	Charles Thibault described the fertilisation of rabbit oocytes in vitro and the development of pronuclei.	90
1959	Fertilisation in vitro and live birth	M.C.Chang from the Worcester Foundation achieved fertilisation of rabbit in vitro and the birth of live young to a surrogate mother of a different strain.	90
1972	Cryopreservation of mouse embryos	Davd Whitingham reported the the successful cryopreservation of mouse embryos.	88
1978	Worlds first test tube baby was born.	Louise Brown is born
1980	First IVF birth in Australia	Candice Reed was born in Melbourne from a team of Ian Johnston, Carl Wood, Alex Lopata and Alan Trounson.	90
1981	First IVF birth in the USA	Elizabeth Carr was born in Norfolk Medical School headed by Dr Georgeanna Jones and Howard Jones and Lucinda Veeck	90
1984	The worlds first frozen embryo pregnancy	Zoe, a 5 1/2 pound infant girl was born in Melbourne at Monash University IVF Proramme.	27
1984	GIFT Introduced	GIFT (Gamete IntraFallopian Transfer) is developed, a simpler procedure than full in vitro fertilisation	92
1985	Single spermatozoa and fertilization	In the mid 1800s, Prevost & Dumas proposed a single spermatozoon fertilised a single oocyte.	88
1986	First birth from a frozen oocyte	Australia reported the world`s first pregnancy using frozen oocytes in 1984 - see Chen C. (1986) "Pregnancy after human oocyte cryopreservation". Lancet 1 (8486): 884-886	27
1987	The worlds oldest egg discovered	A fossilised dinosaur egg is discovered which X-rays show contains the oldest known embryo - 150 million years old.	92
1991	The first transgenic sheep is born	Tracey, the first transgenic sheep, is born. She has human genes which enable her to produce human protein in her milk. This protein is extracted and can be used to help relieve the symptoms of people suffering from cystic fibrosis and emphysema.	92
1992	Worlds first ICSI baby	The first ICSI baby was born in Brussels from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) IVF unit.	27
1993	First pregnancy with recombinant FSH	First established pregnancy and birth after ovarian stimulation with recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone	97
1996	Dolly the sheep is born	Dolly was the first cloned mammal
1997	Polly the sheep is born.	Polly the sheep born later in the year is the first genetically engineered sheep to be cloned.	92
1998	IVF achieved in the mose with dead sperm	At the University of Hawaii, Teruhiko Wakayama and Ryuzo Yanagimachi use freeze dried mouse sperm, which is technically dead, to produce normal living mice offspring. The sperm is rehydrated before use.	92
1998	Dolly the sheep delivers healthy offspring.	Dolly the sheep gives birth to her own lamb, showing that she is capable of reproducing normally.	92
1999	Cloned engineered Goats born.	Healthy cloned goats are produced for the first time. Like the earlier sheep, they contain an engineered human gene so that they can make an anti-clotting factor in their milk.	92
2000	Cloned pigs are born	Cloned pigs are born for the first time in work done by Alan Coleman and his team at PPL Therapeutics in Scotland.	92
2001	Baby born after CHG	Wilton describes the birth of a child after Comparative Genomic Hybridisation and cryostorage. NEJM 345:1537-1541	27
2003	Dolly the sheep dies	Dolly the first cloned mammal dies.
2005	First Birth from a frozen donor oocyte	A baby girl, Avery Lee, born December 31, 2005, at the University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center in Lexington, Kentucky from the first commercial donor egg bank in the world [see www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=35635]	27
2007	Embryonic Stem cells from Rhesus Macaque monkeys	Skin fibroblasts from a Macaque rhesus monkey were used to generate 2 viable embryonic stem cell lines by SCNT technology.	103

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